Study by Flamur Buçpapaj
Kosovo’s Historical Context
Kosovo, historically known as Dardania, has been predominantly inhabited by Albanians and has always been an integral part of the Albanian nation. This changed when Yugoslavia occupied the region. In 1918, Kosovo became part of Yugoslavia due to political and military decisions made by the victorious powers of World War I and internal decisions by Serbian and Yugoslav political elites. The influencing factors include:
Dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires: During World War I (1914-1918), Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, when it was occupied by Serbia and Montenegro during the Balkan Wars. After World War I, the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires created a political vacuum in the Balkans.
Formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918): On December 1, 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was proclaimed by King Alexander I of Serbia. This decision was supported by the Great Powers (especially France and Great Britain), who favored Serbia’s territorial expansion as their ally during the war.
Role of the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920): At the Paris Peace Conference, the victorious powers (France, Britain, USA, Italy) reaffirmed the new borders in the Balkans, recognizing Kosovo’s inclusion within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Serbia, as a founding member of the kingdom, received strong support from France and Russia, securing control over Kosovo territories.
Lack of Albanian Representation and Local Resistance: Albanians were not represented in the decisions of the Peace Conference and were denied their right to self-determination. This led to protests and armed uprisings against Serbian rule, such as the Drenica Uprising (1921) and other movements for independence.
In 1974, the Yugoslav constitution granted Kosovo expanded autonomous status, which was revoked by Serbia in 1989. After the Kosovo War (1998–1999) and NATO intervention, Kosovo was placed under UN administration until it declared independence on February 17, 2008.
The Flag of Kosovo
The flag of Kosovo was neither established through a popular referendum nor with the consensus of the Albanian population. Some argue that it should be replaced through a national referendum, reflecting the will of the Albanian people. They believe the current flag represents UN Resolution 1244 and does not embody the heritage of Dardania or present-day Kosovo. The design was created by an individual and accepted due to the circumstances of the time. Supporters of the current flag view it as a symbol of unity and brotherhood among all ethnic groups living in Kosovo, reflecting its status as a multi-ethnic state. They argue that Kosovo has the right to its own flag and a national identity separate from other nations, despite close cultural and historical ties with Albania and Albanians in general.
The Red and Black Flag
The red and black flag has deep roots in Albanian history, symbolizing the identity and unity of Albanians since the Ottoman period. This flag is closely associated with Albanian liberators like Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, who used a similar flag featuring the double-headed eagle.
Flag and National Identity
Using the red and black flag as a symbol of Albanian national identity affirms the inseparable bonds among Albanians across the region. This flag represents the history, culture, and traditions of Albanians and serves as a common identity marker connecting all Albanians, regardless of their place of residence. For supporters, it symbolizes the Albanian nation and should represent all Albanians, including those in Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, and other Albanian-inhabited territories.
The symbolism of the red and black flag is reflected in its colors: red signifies courage, passion, and sacrifice, while black represents strength, resilience, and protection. The flag remains one of the most important symbols of the Albanian nation, an inseparable element of national identity, and has been used to affirm a shared identity through the centuries. Although political and state contexts have changed, the red and black flag continues to symbolize the unity of Albanians, transcending political borders. Arguments attempting to undermine the use of this flag are often linked to efforts to politically divide Albanians and minimize their deep cultural and historical ties.
In most cases, using the flag is an act of affirming national identity, not an attempt to create political tensions. For Albanians in Kosovo, this flag signifies a deep connection with other Albanian peoples and an expression of love for the homeland.
The red and black flag, featuring the black double-headed eagle on a red background, is the highest symbol of Albanian identity and national unity. This flag has deep historical roots and has served as an emblem of pride and resistance for the Albanian people through the centuries.
Historical Origin
The double-headed eagle is an ancient symbol dating back to the Byzantine Empire. In the 15th century, during the wars against the Ottoman Empire, Albanian national hero Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg adopted this symbol for his flag, making it an emblem of Albanian resistance and freedom.
On November 28, 1912, Ismail Qemali raised the red and black flag in Vlora, declaring Albania’s independence from the Ottoman Empire. This date marks a pivotal moment in Albanian history and is celebrated annually as Independence Day.
Symbolism of the Flag
Red Color: Symbolizes the courage, strength, and sacrifice of Albanians in defense of freedom and the homeland.
The red and black flag remains a powerful emblem of Albanian identity, reflecting the nation’s enduring spirit and unity. he Black Two-Headed Eagle: It represents vigilance, unity, and a gaze towards both the East and the West, symbolizing Albania’s strategic position and its aspirations to serve as a bridge between the East and the West.
The red and black flag remains a powerful symbol of Albanian national identity, representing the history, culture, and aspirations of the Albanian people for freedom and independence.
Nation: Albanian
A nation is a historically formed stable community of people, based on common elements such as:
Language: The use of a shared language that facilitates communication and expresses cultural identity.
Territory: Occupation of a specific geographical space that creates a connection to the land and environment.
Economic life: Participation in common economic activities that strengthen ties within the community.
Ethnicity: Shared ancestry and cultural traits that distinguish the group from others.
Collective psychology: A sense of belonging and shared identity manifested through traditions, customs, and values.
This concept is more abstract and politically open than an ethnic grouping, encompassing a cultural-political community that has become aware of its autonomy, unity, and unique interests.
Nationality
Nationality refers to an individual’s belonging to a specific nation and includes elements such as:
Common origin or ancestry: A link to a shared history and heritage.
Shared language and culture: The use of a common language and the sharing of traditions, customs, and cultural values.
Sense of belonging: Identification with a particular community and the sharing of a common identity.
Nationality is a multidimensional concept related to the belonging of a person or group to a specific nation, whether cultural or political, or based on the will to exist.
The Difference Between Nationality and Citizenship
It is important to distinguish between nationality and citizenship:
Nationality: Relates to an individual’s cultural and ethnic affiliation with a particular nation.
Citizenship: A political and legal concept that defines a person’s membership in a state and includes the rights and obligations that come with this status.
A person’s nationality reveals their place of origin, meaning where they belong, and determines their affiliation with a nation within a specific space.
While “nation” refers to a community of people with shared cultural, linguistic, and historical elements, “nationality” refers to an individual’s affiliation with that group.
The Red and Black Flag in Today’s Political Context
Following Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo adopted its own independent flag, which carries its specific symbolism, representing the diversity of the peoples living in the country. This flag features seven stars symbolizing Kosovo’s seven regions and a map of Kosovo, with a primarily blue color.
However, the red and black flag, a national symbol of Albanians, remains highly significant for Albanians in Kosovo, Albania, and other Albanian territories. Its use is frequently seen in protests, cultural events, and sports gatherings, remaining a mark of Albanian national identity, despite political divisions.
The Question of Kosovo’s National Identity and Flag Usage
The issue of Kosovo’s national identity and flag usage is a highly complex and debated topic, encompassing historical, political, cultural, and ethnic aspects. Understanding this issue requires examining some key points:
Kosovo’s National Identity
Kosovo declared independence on February 17, 2008, and adopted its own flag as a symbol of the creation of a new and independent state. This flag, with seven stars representing Kosovo’s seven regions and a map of Kosovo, is used to represent the state in the international arena and symbolizes the unity of Kosovo’s people, including its diverse ethnic groups (Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Turks, etc.).
However, many Albanians, both within and outside Kosovo, see the red and black flag, the historical flag of Albanians, as a symbol of the national identity of all Albanians, encompassing all Albanian territories (Albania, Kosovo, and beyond). For these individuals, the red and black flag remains a symbol of the shared identity of Albanians, regardless of the state they represent.
Kosovo as a Kosovar Nation
One perspective in the debate on Kosovo’s identity sees Kosovo as a new nation with its own distinct identity and flag, separate from that of Albania. This argument is linked to the declaration of independence and the desire to create a new state with an independent identity, even though the majority of Kosovo’s population consists of ethnic Albanians.
Supporters of this view argue that Kosovo has the right to its own flag and national identity separate from other nations, despite its close cultural and historical ties to Albania and Albanians in general.
The Red and Black Flag and Its Influence
On the other hand, many Albanians in Kosovo and Albania support the idea that the red and black flag remains the symbol of the unity of the Albanian nation and that its use signifies the strength and common identity of Albanians, regardless of citizenship. This flag is a symbol of the shared history of Albanians and holds deep meaning for many individuals in Kosovo who consider themselves part of the Albanian nation.
This is particularly evident during cultural and sporting events, where the red and black flag is often used as a sign of national pride. Although Kosovo has its own independent flag, many Kosovars see the red and black flag as a symbol of strong cultural and historical ties with Albania.
Tensions and International Perception
On one hand, the use of the red and black flag can be seen as an affirmation of Albanian national identity, while on the other, it may create political tensions, especially in the context of international relations and Kosovo’s efforts to establish a separate national identity. The Relations Between Kosovo and Serbia and Other States
This issue has been most evident in sporting events, where the red and black flag has been used as a symbol of Albanian ethnic identity, leading to reactions from Serbs and some other countries.
Kosovo may claim to have a distinct national identity, but this identity is closely linked to Albanian ethnicity, as the majority of the population is Albanian. Kosovars may identify as Albanians, but they can also develop a unique Kosovar identity to emphasize Kosovo’s statehood and multi-ethnicity. The red and black flag remains a strong symbol of Albanians, and its use can serve as an act of affirming strong cultural ties, but it can also pose challenges in the context of international politics and relations with other states.
Ultimately, every country has the right to develop and formulate its own identity, but this is an issue that requires a careful and sensitive approach to history, politics, and international relations.
The Kosovo Flag: Rejection and Criticism
Serbia has harshly criticized the Kosovo flag, considering it a symbol of an unrecognized and illegitimate state. The Kosovo flag, which features seven stars representing Kosovo’s seven regions, carries a symbolism that Serbia finds unacceptable, as it is seen as a sign of Kosovo’s independence and a rejection of Serbia’s authority over Kosovo’s territory.
In this context, the Kosovo flag has been used as a symbol of independence, and its use by Kosovo’s citizens is viewed by Serbian authorities as an act affirming Kosovo’s sovereignty—something Serbia deems illegal.
In Serbian media and national discourse, the use of the Kosovo flag is often linked to “ethnic tensions” and fears of a “divided Kosovo,” with Kosovo’s territory seen as an inseparable part of Serbia. This has been a consistent stance in Serbian politics, where the Kosovo flag and any act affirming its independence are perceived as a threat to Serbia’s territorial integrity.
Serbia has also used the red and black Albanian flag to emphasize this uncertainty, arguing that if Kosovo accepts its own flag, it will be completely severed from Serbia, potentially creating ethnic divisions and destabilizing the Balkan region.
The Kosovo Flag
The Kosovo flag, adopted in 2008 following the declaration of independence, is a symbol of the state of Kosovo and the unity of all ethnic groups living in the country (Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Turks, etc.). This flag represents an independent state recognized by a significant number of international states. It was designed to reflect Kosovo’s multi-ethnicity and is not directly tied to any specific ethnicity, aiming to include all Kosovo citizens.
The use of the Kosovo flag by the state is a sign of affirming Kosovo’s sovereignty as an independent state. For those who support this flag, it symbolizes Kosovo’s future and the possibility of developing a unique and independent identity.
The Red and Black Flag
The red and black flag is the historical flag of Albanians, used by Albania and by Albanians in Kosovo, North Macedonia, and the Cham region. This flag is a symbol of Albanian national identity and is linked to the history and cultural heritage of the Albanian people. The use of the red and black flag by individuals and various groups in Kosovo signifies a strong connection to Albanian identity and, for some, is a symbol of national pride.
Those who support the use of the red and black flag often see it as a way to emphasize Kosovo’s close ties with Albania and as an affirmation of Albanian ethnic identity. This flag holds deep emotional significance for many people and is frequently used at cultural and sporting events as a symbol of unity and national pride.
Differences and Clashes
Supporters of the Kosovo flag argue that its use is necessary to affirm the new state and maintain peace and unity among the various ethnic groups living in Kosovo. As a symbol of an independent state, the Kosovo flag represents the country’s potential future as a stable and internationally integrated state.
Supporters of the red and black flag argue that it symbolizes the history and national identity of Albanians, encompassing all Albanian territories, including Kosovo. For them, using the red and black flag is an expression of Kosovo’s inseparable connection with Albania and affirms their deep Albanian identity.
Political Tensions and Dilemmas
In Kosovo’s political context and international relations, the use of the red and black flag can be seen as a political act affirming an indivisible Albanian national identity, potentially creating tensions with Serbs and those who support a multi-ethnic and independent Kosovo. On the other hand, the use of the Kosovo flag is a way to show respect for the new state and maintain peaceful relations and Kosovo’s integration into the international community.
Neither side can be considered “wrong” in this matter, as everything depends on individual and collective perspectives. Those who support the Kosovo flag do so to affirm the independent state of Kosovo and its multi-ethnic unity, while those who support the red and black flag do so to emphasize historical and national ties with other Albanians. The issue is complex and requires mutual respect and understanding to preserve peace and coexistence in Kosovo’s multi-ethnic society.
The History of Albania and Kosovo’s Separation
Kosovo was part of Albania until the early 20th century, when it was separated and, after World War I, annexed by Yugoslavia. Serbia pursued a policy of assimilating Kosovo’s Albanians and erasing any Albanian identity. After World War II, under Yugoslav rule, Kosovo’s Albanians faced ongoing oppression and discrimination. Kosovo declared independence on February 17, 2008, but still faces many difficulties and challenges, including international recognition and issues with Serbia.
Cultural and National Unity
For many Albanians, Kosovo is an inseparable part of Albania, not only due to strong cultural, linguistic, and historical ties but also because of their shared identity. Those who support this view believe that Kosovo and Albania should be united to further strengthen Albanian national identity and ensure stability and prosperity in the region. The Use of the Red and Black Flag by Kosovo Albanians
The use of the red and black flag by Albanians in Kosovo is a sign of their strong connection to Albania and an expression of their indivisible Albanian identity. This is a natural bond for many people in both Kosovo and Albania.
Kosovo’s Independence and International Support
Kosovo’s independence has been recognized by a significant number of countries, but there are still some states that have not recognized it, including five European Union member states. This challenge has hindered Kosovo’s membership in international organizations such as the United Nations (UN). Despite this, most Albanians in Kosovo see independence as a necessary step towards a better and more autonomous future, free from Serbian influence.
However, for many Albanians, this independence came “out of necessity,” emerging after years of war and uncertainty. They believe that although Kosovo is a new state, it rightfully belongs to Albania and that the Albanian nation is indivisible.
Albania’s Role
Albania has played a crucial role in Kosovo’s independence process, both diplomatically and in providing political support. Albania strongly supports Kosovo’s independence and closely cooperates with Kosovo’s authorities in economic, educational, and cultural development.
In this context, many Albanians believe that Kosovo and Albania should further develop their relations and create more opportunities for closer cooperation, with Albania providing greater support to Kosovo.
The History of Separation and Kosovo’s Independence
Kosovo has a long history tied to Albania. It was part of Albania until the early 20th century, when it was separated due to post-World War I divisions and later placed under Yugoslav rule. After World War II and throughout the Yugoslav era, Kosovo Albanians faced continuous oppression and discrimination from Serbian authorities. Even after Kosovo declared independence on February 17, 2008, it has faced significant challenges in gaining international recognition, with countries like Serbia and some EU states still refusing to acknowledge its sovereignty.
The National Community and Ties with Albania
For Albanians, Kosovo is an inseparable part of Albania due to their strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. This shared identity is deeply embedded in the daily lives of Albanians, whether in Albania, Kosovo, or other Albanian territories such as North Macedonia and Montenegro. Some see strengthening these ties as essential for consolidating national identity and ensuring prosperity and stability for Albanians in the region.
In this context, the use of the red and black flag, the symbol of a united Albanian state, is significant for those who support a common national identity. The red and black flag represents the unity of Albanians and symbolizes the long and complex history of the Albanian nation.
Kosovo’s Independence and Its Flag
Kosovo’s independence has introduced a new dimension to this discussion. For many Albanians, it was a crucial step that allowed Kosovo’s citizens to establish an independent state and determine their own future without external influences. In this regard, Kosovo’s flag, featuring blue and yellow colors, is a symbol of this new state and its sovereignty.
However, many Albanians in Kosovo view the use of the red and black flag as a sign of their inseparable ties with Albania and a symbol of their Albanian national identity. They believe that Kosovo’s independence should not be detached from its national identity and that the red and black flag is a representation of this natural connection.
The Debate on Kosovar and Albanian Identity
One of the most significant debates is the question of what it means to be Kosovar. Some see this as a distinct identity that should be cultivated to ensure Kosovo’s recognition and development as a separate state, emphasizing its own flag and symbols. They believe that a unique Kosovar identity can help build a strong and independent state, separate from direct ties to Albania.
On the other hand, many Albanians view this idea as harmful to the preservation of the Albanian national identity. They believe that being Albanian is a shared identity that includes all Albanians, regardless of whether they live in Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, or elsewhere. For these individuals, the red and black flag is the ultimate symbol of this unbreakable identity, and its use reflects a commitment to Albanian national unity.
International Politics and Albania’s Assistance
Albania has been a strong supporter of Kosovo throughout its independence process and continues to assist Kosovo diplomatically and economically. This support is crucial for Kosovo’s efforts to gain further international recognition, particularly from countries that have not yet acknowledged its independence, including some EU member states.
Through its diplomatic engagement and political backing, Albania has played a vital role in advancing the rights of Kosovo Albanians and fostering close cooperation between the two Albanian states. This support is essential for regional stability and for strengthening the ties of the Albanian community in the Balkans.
The Issue of Albanian Territories Outside the Albanian State
The issue of Albanian territories outside the borders of Albania, such as Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Çameria, has been a controversial and complex topic for decades, spanning different historical and political periods. This issue has influenced the shaping of Albanian national identity and has been a key factor in determining international relations and political developments in the Balkans.
History and Conflict
Historically, Albanian territories outside the Albanian state have extended over a long period, with Albanians dispersed across different countries, including Kosovo, North Macedonia, Çameria, and certain areas in Serbia and Montenegro. After World War II and the territorial changes that occurred in the region, many Albanians found themselves under the rule of other states, creating a painful division of the Albanian nation.
Kosovo declared independence in 2008 and has managed to gain international recognition; however, political obstacles remain, particularly from Serbia, which continues to oppose its sovereignty. North Macedonia has a significant Albanian population that has experienced periods of tension regarding their rights and identity recognition, while Çameria remains a sensitive issue linked to historical displacements and the consequences of World War II.
The Debate on War and Peaceful Solutions
For many Albanians, the issue of lost territories is a fundamental matter of national identity and unity, requiring a long-term strategy to address the historical injustices that have shaped the modern borders of the region. While the geopolitical landscape of the Balkans remains complex, many believe that fostering stronger cooperation among Albanian communities and securing equal rights for Albanians in all territories is key to achieving long-term stability and prosperity. But in the end, it is important to understand that analysts’ opinions are not always the same and do not determine anything. Debate is part of the democratic process and critical thinking, even when it is complex and sometimes influenced by external factors.
The fate of the history of the Albanian people will be written in its original form—Natural Albania, with the borders it once had and its indigenous Illyrian-Albanian population.
We remain to wait and see whose word will prevail. “The Albanian Army” and “The National Offensive” will not forgive the traitors.
