Building Defense Capacities in Albania in the Context of Global Political Uncertainties: A Strategic and Geopolitical Analysis
Study by Flamur Buçpapaj, Military Expert
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the strategic importance of building a well-armed army in Albania during a period marked by political transitions in the United States and the European Union. Using risk analysis, geopolitics, and regional comparisons, the study examines the opportunities, challenges, and necessity of increasing Albania’s defense capabilities. It argues that building a prepared military is a key factor in ensuring the country’s sovereignty, stability, and international role.
Introduction
The current global political context: polarization in the USA, weakening of European unity, and the war in Ukraine.
The direct impact on the security of small countries like Albania.
The study’s objective: To identify the strategic importance of a modern army in Albania within this context.
- Methodology
Analysis of data from international security organizations (NATO, SIPRI, EUISS).
Comparison with neighboring countries (Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia).
Given that Serbia is continuously investing in advanced armament, including drones and new military technology, it is important for Albania to take strategic steps to maintain the balance of power and ensure national security. Investments in Modern Military Technology.
Albania should focus on investing in modern military technology, including:
Advanced Surveillance and Communication Systems: To enhance air and ground surveillance capabilities, as well as secure communication between military units.
Military Drones: To monitor border activities and support military operations. It is essential to develop or acquire drones with high capabilities to compete with those possessed by Serbia.
- Strengthening Regional and International Cooperation
Increasing cooperation with neighboring states and international allies is crucial:
Cooperation with Kosovo: Creating a joint defense strategy with Kosovo would enhance the effectiveness of the armed forces of both countries. Former Albanian President Alfred Moisiu has emphasized the importance of this cooperation to confront possible threats from Serbia. Both countries must unite their forces and resources. This includes the creation of an air fleet equal to Serbia’s, joint air and ground artillery that matches regional standards, preparation for chemical warfare, and the creation of safe shelters. Establishing divisions in Kukës and Shkodër, and in the south, forming a naval fleet comparable to Greece’s, as well as creating the Gjirokastër division and equipping it with modern weapons, drones, and tanks. Albania and Kosovo need at least one hundred Rafale or F-16 aircraft, reserve structures with factories for the production of war industry parts, satellite or drone surveillance, and reconnaissance forces on the ground. Additionally, the restructuring of fire centers, especially in the south and north of Albania, is crucial.
Participation in NATO Programs: Active participation in NATO training and exercises will improve the readiness and interoperability of the Albanian armed forces.
- Review of National Security Strategy
It is necessary to review and update the national security strategy to address modern threats:
Threat Analysis: Continuous assessment of the geopolitical situation and identification of new threats will help adapt defense policies.
Improving Response Capacities: Developing rapid response structures and special forces will enable effective responses to emergency situations.
Investments in Military Infrastructure
Albania has planned significant investments in the defense sector, with an investment program for the 2022-2028 period reaching nearly 800 million euros. For 2024, the defense budget is approximately 33 billion lek (about 310 million euros), marking a 27% increase compared to 2023. These funds will be used for expanding existing bases, improving infrastructure, and purchasing modern equipment.
Modernization of Military Equipment
As part of its investments in equipment, Albania has planned the purchase of military drones worth 75 million euros, as well as the construction of a training polygon in Pajet worth over 2 million euros. Additionally, there are investments in new ICT systems for the Air Force and the purchase of patrol vessels for the Naval Forces.
Increase in Defense Spending
Although defense spending has increased, it remains below NATO standards. For 2024, defense spending constitutes 1.35% of Albania’s GDP, while NATO’s standard is 2%.
Creation of a Reserve Force
Another important step is the creation of a Reserve Force, which will comprise 20% of active forces, with the aim of reaching around 2,100 soldiers within 5-6 years. This force will contribute to increasing defense capabilities and supporting military, humanitarian, and civil operations both domestically and abroad.
Investments in Military Infrastructure
Improving military infrastructure is essential for operational support:
Modernization of Military Bases: Improving training conditions and readiness of military units.
Modern Equipment: Ensuring modern equipment, including tanks and other combat vehicles, to enhance effectiveness on the ground.
To balance Serbia’s influence in the region, Albania must:
Strengthen Relations with the United States and the European Union: Seeking political and financial support for the modernization of the armed forces.
Participate in International Agreements: Engaging in treaties and agreements that promote stability and the prevention of arms proliferation in the region. Analysis of Albanian Political and Strategic Documents (National Security Strategy, Defense Budget)
Interviewing Experts in the Field of Defense and Politics.
Geopolitical Context and Security Challenges
Weakening of traditional security guarantees (USA and EU). With the change in the US presidency, there is a perception that Trump may shift attention away from the Balkans, leaving space for adversarial countries of the US. These countries may exploit this opportunity to strike, particularly in infrastructure and exert full influence in Albania according to their perspective.
- Current Capacities of the Armed Forces of Albania
Structure and composition of the Armed Forces.
Investments made so far in armament and modernization.
Participation in international missions.
SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats).
- Argument for a Well-Armed Army
Guarantee of the country’s sovereignty and independence.
Increasing capacities to respond to crises and emergencies.
Stronger contribution to NATO and regional security.
Stimulating technological innovation and the defense industry.
- Strategic Proposals and Political Recommendations
Gradual increase of the defense budget to 2% of GDP.
Investment in smart military technology and cybersecurity.
Strengthening cooperation with allies for training and joint capabilities.
Building a domestic defense industry and public-private partnerships.
Global Political Context and its Impact on Albania’s Defense
The global political context is characterized by developments that influence international dynamics:
Polarization in the United States: The US is facing deep political and ideological polarization. According to a Gallup report, in 2024, 37% of Americans identified as “very conservative” or “conservative,” while 25% identified as “very liberal” or “liberal,” highlighting a significant divide between political parties. This division has led to increased mistrust and social tensions, making consensus on national issues harder to achieve.
Weakening of the European Union: The European Union faces internal challenges that have questioned its cohesion. According to an analysis by Internationale Politik Quarterly, European integration is more fragile than anticipated, and its structure could fail if the needs and interests of member states are not addressed. Additionally, projections from the European Central Bank suggest that high geopolitical and political uncertainty is likely to negatively impact the eurozone’s economic growth.
The War in Ukraine: The war in Ukraine remains a central point of international tension. On April 3, 2025, Russia plans to add 150,000 troops to Ukraine, according to a Ukrainian official. Meanwhile, negotiations for a maritime ceasefire have not yet concluded due to Russia’s demands to ease Western sanctions. These developments indicate an unstable and unpredictable situation in the region.
These factors together create a complex and challenging global environment, impacting international relations and overall stability.
Impact of the Current Global Political Context on Albania’s Defense
In a global environment characterized by political polarization in the US, weakening EU unity, and ongoing conflict in Ukraine, Albania is taking strategic steps to strengthen its defense capacities and fulfill its commitments to NATO.
Increasing Defense Expenditures
According to NATO commitments, member states aim to reach defense expenditures of 2% of GDP by 2025. Albania has shown significant growth in this regard, with its defense budget increasing from $0.22 billion in 2021 to $0.29 billion in 2022, a 29.58% increase. However, these figures still fall below the required threshold, suggesting the need for further investments to meet NATO’s target.
Modernization of the Armed Forces
As part of improving military capabilities, Albania has taken concrete steps:
Bayraktar TB2 Drones: In December 2022, the Albanian government signed an agreement with the Turkish company Baykar to purchase three armed Bayraktar TB2 drones.
Kamikaze YIHA-III Drones: In March 2025, the Albanian Air Force began using Turkish-made YIHA-III kamikaze drones, adding a new dimension to their arsenal.
Regional and International Cooperation
Albania is also strengthening its military ties with neighboring countries and international allies:
Agreements with Turkey: In March 2025, Turkey ratified military agreements with several Balkan countries, including Albania, deepening regional military cooperation.
Participation in NATO Initiatives: Albania remains active in NATO operations and exercises, contributing to the alliance’s collective security.
In recent years, the Balkans has become an important arena for the influence of third powers such as Russia, China, and Turkey. These countries have used various tools to expand their presence in the region, including economic investments, military cooperation, and cultural influence.
Impact of China
China has expanded its presence in the Balkans mainly through investments in infrastructure and soft loans. The well-known “Belt and Road Initiative” has brought significant investments in road, railway, and port construction. In Montenegro, for example, a large Chinese loan for building a highway has significantly increased the country’s external debt, raising concerns about economic dependency on China.
Impact of Turkey
Turkey has intensified efforts to strengthen ties with Balkan countries through diplomacy, investments, and military cooperation. Military agreements signed with Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia in 2025 have deepened military cooperation in the region.
The year 2024 is a clear example of this approach. These agreements aim to increase Turkey’s strategic influence in the region and strengthen its ties with these countries.
Risks from Hybrid Conflicts, Cyberattacks, and Terrorism
The Balkans also face growing threats from hybrid conflicts and cyberattacks. Foreign actors, particularly Russia and China, have been accused of using disinformation and other hybrid tactics to influence public opinion and destabilize local governments. For example, the conference “Balkan Disinfo 2025” emphasized that these threats have intensified in recent times.
In response to these threats, the European Union has proposed the “ProtectEU” strategy to enhance its capabilities in combating hybrid and cyber threats. This strategy aims to increase cooperation among member states and strengthen the protection of critical infrastructure.
Regarding terrorism, reports indicate that terrorist groups continue to pose a threat to the region’s stability. For example, the report “Trends in Terrorism: What’s on the Horizon in 2025?” analyzes these threats and emphasizes the need for continuous vigilance.
In this complex context, Albania and other Balkan countries must be aware of these influences and threats, strengthening their defense capabilities and working closely with international allies to ensure stability and security in the region.
Russia and China’s Interests in the Balkans
Russia and China have shown considerable interests in the Balkans, using various tools to expand their influence in the region. These efforts have had different impacts on the countries of the Balkans, including Albania.
Russia’s Influence in the Balkans
Russia has sought to maintain and expand its influence in the Balkans through historical, cultural, and religious ties, particularly with the Slavic and Orthodox populations. In Serbia, for example, Russia has politically and economically supported the government, offering energy and diplomatic backing. This has helped create an environment where Russian influence is noticeable in political and economic spheres.
However, Russia’s direct influence in Albania is more limited, due to the country’s pro-Western orientation and its membership in NATO. Despite this, Russia has used hybrid warfare tools, such as disinformation and social media influence, to sway public opinion and destabilize democracies in the Western Balkans.
China’s Growing Presence in the Balkans
China has expanded its presence in the Balkans through significant investments in infrastructure and economic projects, as part of the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative. These investments include soft loans for the construction of roads, railways, and energy plants, particularly in Serbia and Montenegro.
In Albania, China’s influence has grown in recent years. An example of this is the construction of a floating photovoltaic plant in Lake Vau i Dejës, a project realized in collaboration with Chinese and Spanish companies.
However, there have also been measures to limit China’s influence in Albania. In January 2025, the Albanian government imposed a one-year ban on the Chinese application TikTok, citing concerns about the safety of young people and its negative societal impact.
In recent years, China has shown increased interest in expanding its influence in Albania and the Western Balkans region, primarily through economic investments and infrastructure projects. However, this influence has been limited and faces various challenges.
Economic and Trade Relations
China has become an important trade partner for Albania. By 2024, China had consolidated its position as Albania’s second-largest trading partner, reflecting the success of ongoing efforts to expand economic cooperation between the two countries.
Investments and Infrastructure Projects
Despite the growth in trade, Chinese investments in Albania have been relatively limited. Unlike other countries in the Western Balkans, Albania has not been a major beneficiary of Chinese loans for large infrastructure projects. This shows a smaller presence of China-funded projects in Albania compared to its neighbors.
One Belt, One Road Initiative (BRI)
Albania has expressed interest in cooperating with China within the framework of the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative. However, so far, tangible benefits from this initiative have been limited. In 2023, it was reported that Albania had not significantly benefited from the BRI, raising questions about its real impact on the country’s economic development.
Cultural and Educational Cooperation
In addition to economic cooperation, China and Albania have worked to strengthen cultural and educational ties. In September 2024, academics from both countries met in Tirana for an academic exchange session and roundtable discussion, aiming to deepen cooperation in education and scientific research.
Challenges and Prospects
Despite efforts to expand cooperation, there have been challenges in increasing Chinese investments in Albania. Factors such as Albania’s pro-Western orientation, aspirations for European Union membership, and concerns about transparency and the conditions of Chinese financing have affected this dynamic. However, both sides have expressed willingness to explore new opportunities for collaboration in fields such as the economy, trade, tourism, agriculture, and culture.
China’s influence in Albania has increased through trade and some infrastructure projects, but remains limited compared to other countries in the Balkans. Cultural and educational cooperation has made progress, but challenges in increasing investments and large infrastructure projects remain. The future of Albania-China relations will depend on both countries’ ability to address these challenges and identify areas of mutual interest for further collaboration.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Albania (FARSH)
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Albania (FARSH) have undergone significant changes in their structure and composition and have undertaken important investments in armament and modernization to meet contemporary standards and international commitments.
Structure and Composition of the Armed Forces
According to the Long-Term Development Plan for the Armed Forces 2024–2033, FARSH consists of the following main components:
Land Forces (LF): Responsible for land operations and territorial defense.
Naval Forces (NF): Responsible for the protection of the maritime space and Albania’s coastline.
Air Forces (AF): Manages air operations and the protection of the country’s airspace.
Support Command: Provides logistical and administrative support for all FARSH units.
Doctrine and Training Command: Responsible for the training and doctrinal development of military personnel. These structures operate based on Law No. 64/2014, dated June 26, 2014, “On the Powers and Authorities of Command of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Albania.”
Investments in Armament and Modernization
The modernization process of the Albanian Armed Forces (AAF) is a strategic priority and involves several key aspects:
Defense Budget: According to the Long-Term Development Plan 2024–2033, a significant increase in the defense budget has been planned to support the modernization of military capabilities.
Infrastructure Modernization: Significant investments have been made in improving military bases, such as the transformation of the Kuçova Air Base into a valuable asset for the AAF.
New Equipment and Armaments: The AAF has invested in the purchase of modern armaments to improve operational capabilities and meet NATO standards.
Training and Education: In addition to investments in equipment, emphasis has also been placed on improving the training and education of military personnel to ensure a capable and professional force.
These measures aim to ensure that the Armed Forces are prepared to address security challenges and contribute to regional and international stability.
Increase in the Defense Budget
In line with its commitments to NATO, Albania has increased the defense budget to 2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2024. This additional funding aims to support the modernization and increase the operational readiness of the AAF.
Investments in Infrastructure and Equipment
One of the key investments is the modernization of the Kuçova Air Base, which has been transformed into a modern center for NATO air operations. Additionally, investments are planned in the development of port and airport infrastructure in Porto Romano and the Pashaliman naval base.
The AAF has benefited from cooperation with international partners to improve its capabilities. In December 2022, Albania signed a contract for the purchase of three Bayraktar TB2 drones from Turkey, which were delivered in March 2024 and stationed at the Kuçova Air Base. In October 2024, during a visit to Tirana, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced the donation of a significant number of kamikaze drones to Albania.
Revitalization of Domestic Defense Industry
Albania has taken steps to revitalize its defense industry. In May 2024, a draft law was presented for the creation of a state-owned weapons manufacturing company, with the aim of reactivating production facilities in Poliçan, Elbasan, and Gramsh. These factories, built in 1962, are set to resume production to supply the Armed Forces and for export.
Improvement of Working Conditions and Increase in Personnel
To attract and retain personnel, significant salary increases have been approved, including a rise from 7% to 22% for both civilian and military personnel. Additionally, plans are in place to increase the number of active personnel from 8,000 to 10,000 within two years, aiming to strengthen the operational capabilities of the AAF.
These measures reflect Albania’s commitment to strengthening national defense and contributing to regional and international security.
Transformation and Modernization of the Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of Albania (FA) have undergone a long transformation and modernization process since the end of the communist regime. This process has included several key stages:
Reforms of the Early 90s
In the early 1990s, Albania underwent a deep political and social transformation. In this context, the AAF faced significant challenges, including:
Demobilization of Military Personnel Over 49 Years Old: In an attempt to reduce costs, military personnel over 49 were demobilized, leading to a shortage of experts and impacting the morale of the troops.
Appointments in Violation of Military Career Laws: High-level military appointments were made that were not in accordance with existing laws and regulations, causing uncertainty and confusion in command structures.
Rapid and Unqualified Promotions: High military ranks were awarded without following standard criteria and procedures, creating a large number of generals without troops under their command.
Efforts for Modernization and NATO Integration
After these changes, Albania sought to modernize the AAF and integrate into international defense structures:
Participation in International Missions: The AAF contributed to peacekeeping missions in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, and Afghanistan, strengthening Albania’s commitment to global peace and stability.
Legal and Structural Reforms: Laws were passed to regulate the powers and authorities of the command and leadership of the AAF, aiming to increase efficiency and transparency in military management.
Increase in Defense Budget and Salaries: The defense budget was increased to meet NATO standards, and salaries were raised for certain military categories to improve motivation and service quality.
Challenges and Future Perspectives
Although progress has been made in several areas, the AAF still faces considerable challenges:
Need for Modern Technology: To deal with modern threats, the AAF requires advanced technology and equipment that meet NATO standards.
Balancing Structures and Resources: Human and material resources need to be carefully managed to avoid inefficient structures and enhance operational readiness.
Full NATO Integration: To achieve full and effective integration into NATO, the AAF must continue with structural reforms, personnel training, and alignment with NATO standards.
These measures reflect Albania’s commitment to strengthening national defense and contributing to regional and international security, particularly in light of the risks posed by hybrid conflicts, cyber threats, and terrorism. The Balkans also faces increasing threats from hybrid conflicts and cyberattacks. Foreign actors, particularly Russia and China, have been accused of using disinformation and other hybrid tactics to influence public opinion and destabilize local governments. For example, the “Balkan Disinfo 2025” conference highlighted that these threats have intensified recently.
In response to these threats, the European Union has proposed the “ProtectEU” strategy to strengthen its capacity to combat hybrid and cyber threats. This strategy aims to increase cooperation among member states and enhance the protection of critical infrastructure.
Regarding terrorism, reports indicate that terrorist groups continue to pose a threat to regional stability. For example, the report “Trends in Terrorism: What’s on the Horizon in 2025?” analyzes these threats and emphasizes the need for continued vigilance.
In this complex context, Albania and other Balkan countries must be aware of these influences and threats, strengthening their defense capacities and collaborating closely with international allies to ensure stability and security in the region.
Military Infrastructure
An important investment is the transformation of the Kuçova Air Base into a NATO strategic asset. This project, which started in 2018, includes the construction of ammunition depots, fuel stations, aircraft parking, as well as the renovation of the runway and control tower. The total investment amounts to about 50 million euros, with 5 million euros contributed by the Albanian state budget. Prime Minister Edi Rama has emphasized that this base provides new geostrategic importance for Albania and the region, strengthening NATO’s position in the Western Balkans.
Modern Equipment and Armaments
To improve operational capacities, the Albanian Armed Forces (FARSH) have invested in the purchase of modern weaponry and military equipment that meets NATO standards. In the 2025 budget, the Ministry of Defense has allocated 1.3 billion lek for investments in armaments, machinery, and military equipment. These investments aim to increase the readiness and efficiency of the armed forces in fulfilling national and international duties.
To improve efficiency and operational readiness, the Albanian Armed Forces (FARSH) have implemented deep reforms in the training and professional development of their personnel. This process includes several key aspects:
Education and Training of Personnel
FARSH focuses on the professional development of its personnel through military education programs. These programs aim to serve the needs of the Armed Forces, responding to national realities and demands. Professional military education is developed in a way that serves the Armed Forces and meets national security needs and requirements.
Legal and Structural Reforms
To regulate the activities of FARSH, laws have been drafted that define the powers and authorities of strategic command and leadership, military careers, as well as the functions of the Intelligence and Defense Security Agency. These legal reforms aim to increase efficiency and transparency in military management.
International Cooperation in Training
FARSH has developed training programs in cooperation with partner countries. An example of this is the State Partnership Program with New Jersey, which has contributed to the professional development of the military training corps. This collaboration has improved the quality of training and increased operational readiness.
Improvement of Training Infrastructure
To support professional development, FARSH has invested in training infrastructure. This includes the construction of modern training facilities, such as the National Military Training Center, which is provided for the development of practical skills of the personnel.
Performance Assessment and Monitoring
To ensure the quality of training and professional development, FARSH has implemented performance assessment and monitoring systems. This includes evaluating training outcomes and identifying needs for future development programs.
These steps are essential to ensure that FARSH personnel are ready to fulfill their duties in an evolving security environment. In response to changes in the global security environment and the need to enhance defense capacities, Albania has taken steps to revitalize its military industry. This initiative aims to meet the needs of the Albanian Armed Forces (FASH) for modern weaponry and ammunition, as well as contribute to the international defense market.
Legal and Institutional Steps
At the end of 2024, the Albanian Parliament approved key laws for the creation of a state-owned company for the production and trade of weapons, ammunition, equipment, and military technologies. This company, named KAYO sh.a., aims to:
Produce and repair weapons and ammunition for FASH.
Demilitarize old weapons.
Export military products to contribute to the national economy.
Strategic and Economic Importance
Rejuvenating the military industry has several benefits:
Improvement of defense capabilities: Domestic production of weapons and ammunition will provide modern and suitable equipment for FASH needs.
Contribution to the national economy: Exports of military products will generate revenue and enhance Albania’s position in the international defense market.
Creation of new jobs: The development of the industry will provide employment and training opportunities for Albanian professionals.
Some experts and lawmakers have expressed reservations about this project:
Lack of transparency: There are calls for more information on the legal framework and business plans of KAYO sh.a.
Technological challenges: Reviving the industry requires substantial investments in modern technology and personnel training.
Risk of dependence on exports: Exposure to international markets may lead to economic and political dependency.
Improvement of Production Infrastructure
To renew production capacities, investments are planned in three main factories:
The Poliçan Mechanical Plant: Specializing in ammunition production.
The Gramsh Mechanical Plant: Focused on weapon production.
The Mjekësit Factory in Elbasan: Dedicated to the production of explosives.
These factories will be modernized to meet NATO standards and improve production efficiency.
Financial Investments and Defense Budget
In 2025, the defense budget increased to 52.7 billion lek, marking a 4.6% increase compared to 2024. This financial increase will support the modernization of the military industry and raise salaries for military personnel.
Economic and Social Benefits
The re-establishment of the military industry is expected to bring:
Economic Development: Creation of new jobs and increased economic activities in areas where the factories are located.
Technological Innovation: Improvement of technological skills and increased competitiveness in the international market.
Strengthening Regional Position: Increased influence of Albania in the defense and security industry.
Challenges and Prospects
However, this process faces several challenges:
Integration with International Standards: Alignment with NATO requirements and international manufacturing standards.
Resource Management: Ensuring sufficient funding and efficient resource management.
Environmental Protection: Adherence to ecological standards during the production process.
Procurement of Anti-Aircraft and Anti-Drone Weapons
To enhance air defense, the Albanian Armed Forces (FARSH) has invested in modern anti-aircraft and anti-drone systems. These systems are equipped with the latest technology for detecting and neutralizing aerial threats, including advanced drones. This increase in defense capacity is crucial for national security and integration into NATO structures.
Equipping with Modern Aircraft
To strengthen air capabilities, FARSH has improved its fleet of military aircraft. This includes the purchase of aircraft with modern technology, offering advanced capabilities in surveillance, transport, and combat operations. The integration of these aircraft improves readiness and efficiency in air operations.
Equipping with Modern Tanks
In the field of armored vehicles, FARSH has invested in modern tanks that offer enhanced protection and strengthen combat capabilities. These tanks are equipped with powerful weapons, active defense systems, and advanced technology for navigation and communication. The improvement of the tank fleet enhances the operational capabilities of ground forces.
Increasing the Number of Soldiers to 50,000
To strengthen operational capacity and fulfill commitments to NATO, it is planned to increase the number of soldiers to 50,000. This increase will be achieved through the recruitment of young people, intensive training, and the provision of good working conditions. The increase in military personnel will contribute to enhancing the readiness and flexibility of the armed forces.
These investments and reforms are part of Albania’s commitment to modernizing the defense sector, improving operational capacities, and contributing to regional and global stability.
Literature
NATO Defense Planning Process Reports
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Reports
National Security Strategy of Albania
European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)
Academic studies on security in the Balkans (from journals such as the Journal of Strategic Studies, Balkan Security Review, etc.)
